Bruno Ebersbach, Houston / Chörlein

Automobil:

Ist als "Kleinst-Architektur" städtebaulich wirksam - prägt den Strassenraum - bildet eine "Adresse" - wertet die Immobilie auf - ist eine Raumerweiterung - mit Blick in den Strassenraum, Licht, Luft (AC), Sonne - kann passend zur Immobilie gekauft werden - kann von einer Immobilie zur anderen wechseln - kann durch optionale Features aufgewertet werden (Selbstähnlichkeit?).

Silikonimplantate:

Werten das Objekt auf - sind reversible Applikationen - ragen in den Strassenraum - werden nachträglich angebracht.

Canopy-Trees:

Prägen den Strassenraum - Aufwertung - unabhängig von der Immobilie.

Überwachungskameras:

Werden nachträglich angebracht - bieten einen Blick in den Strassenraum sowie Bezug zu Licht und Sonne - lassen erkennen, wer am Eingang ist - lassen beobachten ohne selbst beobachtet zu werden.

Breast-based economy

The huge awards given by juries were enough to bankrupt the US's main implant manufacturer - and to burst the implant bubble, as it were

Alexander Chancellor

The Guardian, Saturday October 7, 2000

I have a problem in writing about Anna Nicole Smith, which is that she denies ever having had silicone implants in her breasts. She admits to plastic surgery, even to breast surgery - "My nipples kind of pointed downward, so I had them moved from here to there," she once said in an interview about the after-effects of giving birth to her son, Daniel, in her teens - but "I haven't had silicone implants, no." This is a pity, because she has often been written about confidently as if she had; and, assuming this to be so, I concluded that her triumph last week in a Los Angeles court, where she was awarded $449 million from the estate of her late 90-year-old husband, J Howard Marshall II, was not only a personal triumph but one for the breast transplant industry as a whole. There were strong reasons for thinking this, because she not only met her future husband in Houston, Texas, the city that pioneered the breast transplant, but she did so as a stripper in Rick's Cabaret, the most famous topless bar in Houston. Everything I know about Rick's comes from an enormously long article, which I read five years ago in the Texas Monthly, entitled "Silicone City: The rise and fall of the implant - or how Houston went from an oilbased economy to a breast-based economy". "No two products were more interdependent than Rick's and the implant," the article said. Its owner, Robert Watters, a Canadian lawyer with a degree from the London School of Economics, told the magazine, "In the early and mid-80s, the first material acquisition the dancers saved for was breast augmentation." But it seems that Smith was lucky and didn't need it.

A brief history of silicone implants ... Silicone was first used after the second world war, when Japanese women, normally smaller-breasted than American women, had it injected into their breasts to please American servicemen. Then, in 1962, a woman called Timmie Jean Lindsay became the first woman in the world to receive a siliconegel implant: married at 15 and divorced at 30, after bringing six children into the world, she was in hospital in Houston to have tattoos removed from her breasts when the surgeon asked if she would like to have them made more shapely at the same time. Her answer was yes, and with that there was born a multibillion-dollar industry. Throughout the US, breast augmentation rapidly became a female obsession.

One Houston celebrity doctor had already performed between 2,500 to 3,000 implants by 1995. He and his colleagues found their incomes rising from the low six figures up to $2 million a year. And even after 1990, when panic erupted about the side-effects of what had been promoted as a cheap, safe operation, there were millions more to be earned, not only by lawyers but by doctors for taking out the bags of silicone they had put in. Research by America's most illustrious medical institutions failed to prove that there was any more illness among women who had had breast implants than among those who hadn't, but the huge awards given by juries to plaintiffs were sufficient to bankrupt the country's principal implant manufacturer - and to burst the implant bubble, as it were.

Nevertheless, the implant craze had amazing staying power. It survived the fashion for skinny models, and would probably be going as strong now, if it were not for anxiety about the health side-effects. Trying to explain the phenomenon, the Houston inventors of the silicone-gel implant, Thomas Cronin and Frank Gerow, wrote in the early 60s that it was perhaps "due in large measure to the tremendous amount of publicity which has been given to some movie actresses blessed with generous sized breasts. Many women with limited development of the breasts are extremely sensitive about it". Women who have undergone the operation usually say they wanted to increase their "self-esteem". But it seems to be all the fault of men, really - of men such as J Howard Marshall II, the master of an immense oil fortune, who, although 89 years old and confined to a wheelchair, went regularly to Rick's at lunchtime to drool over the generously proportioned body of Anna Nicole Smith.

Anna, the small-town girl from Mexia, Texas, who dreamt from childhood of being Marilyn Monroe, believes she understands this: "Most men, I think, like a womanly figure." The feminist campaign against the treatment of women as sex objects seems to have completely passed her by, and she is $449 million richer as a result. "Are you a feminist?" she was once asked. "I don't understand the question," she replied. "Do you fight for women's rights?" "Whoever started that, I could kick them in the head." But Anna is a religious person. "What's heaven like?" she was asked. "I think heaven's a beautiful place. Gold. You walk on gold floors." It looks as if she might be there already.

_Quelle: www.guardian.co.uk/weekend/story/0,3605,378585,00.html

Memoir of a Junk Scientist

Bernard M. Patten, MD, FACP, FRSM

The former President of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery called me a junk scientist. My lame, but honest, reply is that I am a junk scientist because I have, for the last fifteen years, been studying a piece of junk. That's what the silicone breast implant was and is. Let me explain: It all started years ago, never mind how many, when I decided to switch my program at Columbia College from American History to premed. My career seemed to go pretty well for a time. I graduated from Columbia College summa cum laude and second in my class of 725 students. Thence I went to Columbia's College of Physician and Surgeons where I also graduated second in my class. They elected me to AOA, the national medical honor society in my junior year, and I took the Mosby Prize for Scholarship at graduation. After internship at Cornell Medical Center - The New York Hospital, I returned to Columbia for residency in neurology and eventually, by unanimous vote of the faculty was elected Chief Resident in Neurology at the Neurological Institute of New York. After a fellowship year in human memory at Columbia, I went to NIH where I became the assistant chief of Medical Neurology and did neurological consultations for the clinical center and many times for the United States Senate. So far so good. Not a bad start for a junk scientist, wouldn't you say? Along the way I published over 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, gave over 500 lectures to national and international audiences and received many prizes and awards for research in Parkinson's Disease (I was there with Dr. George C. Cotzias when the first dose of DOPA was given) and Myasthenia Gravis (I was there with Dr. King Engel when we pioneered the immune suppressive treatments) as well as a listing in the usual places such as Who's Who in America, Who's Who in the World, Who's Who in Health and Medical Education, Who's Who in Science and Engineering and so forth. I had a loving wife who was also a physician and two children and four cats and, yes, as unfashionable as it may be to admit, I was happy. Happy, that is until that fatal day when I decided to leave the sacred groves of NIG to take a job as Chief of Neuromuscular Diseases and eventually Vice Chairman of Neurology at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas. Soon after that mistake my troubles began.

At Baylor I made friends with Dr. Frank Gerow, one of the two inventors of the silicone breast implant. Frank explained that he and Cronin wanted to do something with plastic surgery that would match the artificial heart the Dr. Michael Debakey was working on, something that would draw national attention to themselves the way NASA, situated only 40 miles south of Baylor, got national attention. First, they tried direct injections of silicone into tissues to make bigger breasts and the results were, of course, a disaster. I saw lots of these women in consultation. They were by and large the wives of medical students who had volunteered for the experiments. The silicone caused marked fibrosis, hard, painful, disgusting looking breasts which the women were ashamed to show. All others who tried to directly inject silicone into human tissue have gotten the same terrible local complications proving that silicone is not inert but is biologically active enough to cause severe local inflammatory reactions. The interesting thing that escaped my attention at the time was that most of these wives also had weird neuromuscular and rheumatologic diseases including myasthenia gravis, polymyositis, small fiber sensory neuropathy and Sjogren's syndrome. In many cases, the autoimmune diseases required treatment and I applied the treatments the best I could without thinking that there might be a connection between the silicone and the autoimmunity.

Because direct injection gave awful results, Gerow and Cronin decided to enclose the silicone in a elastomer bag and put the bag into the breast area to make big breasts. A lot of people thought the idea absurd, almost obscene, but it did give the promise of what some women wanted and it was quick giving immediate results. Of course, there were lots of problems with the surgery including infections and herniation of the implant through the incisions and multiple redos because the implant had ruptured or shifted or had developed a baseball hard capsule or the woman wanted still larger and larger breasts and so forth. But the local complications Gerow and Cronin could handle. Besides whether you put implants in or you took them out or you changed them, the surgeon still got paid.

Eventually, Baylor accumulated the first and the largest series of implanted women in the world and as the neurologist that Gerow knew and presumably trusted, I got the referrals of the women who had complaints referable to muscles, nerves, spinal cord, or brain. And there were many of them, a superabundance. Probably from 1986 to 1993 I personally saw and examined over 2000 such women. Their stories were all quite similar: Sometime after the implantation, they felt weak and tired, developed morning stiffness, excessive fatigue, dry mouth, dry eyes and dry vagina. Most also had hot painful tender breasts with contractures. I made it my business to examine the breasts of all these women and got pretty good at detecting ruptures, spills, and enlarged local lymph nodes. There were many women with amazingly anesthetic nipples which Gerow told me was because T4, the nerve to the nipple, had been cut on insertion of the larger implants through the axillary approach. Quite a few women had severe sharp shooting chest pains simulating heart attacks.

Gerow had an answer for that too: On insertion the implant forms a physical barrier to the regrowth of severed nerves causing neuroma formation. We even biopsied a few cases and proved the neuromas were present and published two papers on chest pain in implanted women. One paper appeared in Emergency Medicine and one appeared in the Southern Medical journal. But the thing that impressed me the most about the local situation was that the implant, in this selected group of women that I saw, had failed miserably to deliver what it had promised. Beautiful breasts they were not. In fact, the opposite was true: The implant had made satisfactory breasts horribly deformed and ugly.

I did complete physical examinations on each of the women and found that they all seemed to show much the same general pattern; they had skin rashes, cold fingers and toes, dry eyes and dry mouths, and they were weak. We weren't sure how strong a woman should be so I sent out a medical student to get pinchometer and gripometer measurements in normal and hospitalized women. The results confirmed that implanted women, the ones referred to me at any rate, were, in relation to their peers matched for age and sex, objectively weak, usually scoring less that 50% of the controls on the dynamometer measurements. On neurological examination I found that ladies had more than the usual trouble with simple mental status tests such as proverbs, subtractions, serial sevens, naming the presidents and so forth. That could have been because they came from poor education backgrounds, which they did by and large. Except, even some high powered women who had completed graduate school, Judges in Houston courts for instance, or the former assistant postmaster general and other women of achievement in journalism and science, also did poorly on these tests. Gait and station testing showed most couldn't do a push up or a sit up and most had glove and stocking sensory loss suggesting they had neuropathy.

Laboratory tests confirmed that the women seemed to have something autoimmune though just what that was we couldn't say. There were lots of abnormal autodirected antibodies including ANA and rheumatoid factors and antinerve antibodies but none of the ladies actually fit into the currently accepted diagnostic criteria for the diseases usually associated with those antibodies. Almost all the women who had cognitive complaints had decreased cerebral flood flows as measured by research physicians as part of the NIG approved Baylor- Methodist Cerebral vascular research center grant. Almost all had positive tear tests proving the ladies really did have dry eyes.

Most of the patients had surgical indications for implant removal and I followed them during and after the surgery. I personally reviewed the slides on all tissues removed and gradually learned to identify free silicone in tissue, polyurethane, and the dense inflammation with foreign body giant cells that surrounds the implant. We documented with pictures the gross appearance of massive silicomas larger than softballs and capsules thicker than magazines. We kept track of the relations of examination results before to what happened after surgery. In general, women with polyurethane implants did lousy and got worse after explantation. Women who had massive spills of silicone had teams of surgeons laboring over nine hours fail to get all the silicone out. That group also did poorly. Women with high titers of antiGM1 antibodies got progressively worse and sent down hill often dying of a weird neuromuscular disease that resembled a combination of dermatomyositis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, motor sensory neuropathy, Sjogren's syndrome, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with, believe it or not, signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis! Women who had minor spills that surgeons could remove and those nce, exceeded 70%. We published our results in eight papers covering everything we could think of from the local to systemic problems. Under separate cover, I will send some reprints of those to you. The citations of all papers appear in Medline. My fellows, Britta and Glen, and I presented our data at national and international meetings including the World Federation of Neurology and the American Neurological Association and the American Academy of Neurology. The Southern Medical Society and the Texas Neurological Society gave us several awards for clinical research and encouraged us to dig further. In many cases, our reports hit the front pages of USA Today, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and so forth. Little did I realize that that publicity would hurt us. Nor did I realize, until it was too late, how much it would hurt.

About 1986 Dow-Corning paid me $4,800 to consult with them about their product. I told them what we were finding and I told them especially about my concern about the rupture rate (50% ruptures in ten years on average) and the severe local complications we had seen due to ruptures. I urged them to set up some form of free clinic to care for the injured women and to make cowardly amends for what they had done. Some months later they told me I was wrong and that the implant caused no such problems. We went back to the drawing boards and redid much of the research only to discover the same things we had discovered before. I estimate the pause caused by the misinformation received >from the company delayed our progress for two years. As it was misinformation, because to my chagrin, I learned on my way to Washington to testify before the expert panel of the FDA, while reviewing the secret company documents supplied to me by the FDA, that the company clearly knew as far back as 1976 that silicone spread, caused local inflammation, and in some animals resulted in autoimmune diseases. I appeared before the panel a shaken man. The people who had hired me as a consultant had deceived me. How naive I had been.

The rest as they say is history. FDA took implants off the market for cosmetic augmentation. TV began to do shows about how bad a scientist I was. Gerow staggered under the weight of over 13,000 malpractice suits against him and Baylor. Trustees called Doctor Butler, the President of Baylor, about a program about me put on by CNN. Frontline even said in a voice over that I was under investigation by the FBI for Medicare fraud. I was not, not then, not ever. But multiple investigations were conducted on the basis on anonymous complaints to the Texas Board of Medical Examiners. Seven so far have been dismissed after years of investigation and reinvestigation. Every slide I ever showed in any scientific meeting was seized and investigated as possible evidence against me. Criminals broke into my office and stole research data related to implants.

The biopsy laboratory was broken into and slides and reports on implanted patients looked into. A man posing as my fellow copied the brain scans and charts of over 200 patients, a theft of medical records never solved. Death threats arrived in the mail. People phoned in threats. One plastic surgeon said I was part of a communist conspiracy to deprive American women of their implants. And, yes, a dead decapitated animal, a rabbit not a horse, arrived at the doorstep, just like in the movies.

Baylor restricted my teaching saying that they couldn't prevent my research but they sure could stop me from talking to students, interns, and residents about implants. They were careful to mention that they were not restricting my research because they recognized the rights of a tenured associate professor to publish what he wished. And they affirmed that they wished me to continue my teaching in every other aspect just as before. However, the chairman of the department soon came upon the idea that he could stop my seeing implanted women. I protested but Baylor administration remained intransigent. So realizing the futility of trying to make further progress, I bowed out.

Meanwhile, Cronin stared to make rounds in the nude and was discovered to be demented and Gerow, drinking a lot, refused to have his protime checked. He had an artificial aortic valve for which he took Coumadin. His subsequent death from a cerebral hemorrhage prompted me to formulate the following epigram:

The silicone implant was:

Bad for those who made them

Bad for those who put them in

Bad for those who got them in

And bad for those who did research on them.

God rest his soul. Before he died Frank Gerow predicted what subsequently

came true: "The silicone implant, born in Houston, will die in Houston."

And so it is with a kind of wispy regret that I make some suggestions to future scientists who might consider doing implant research. First of all, consider carefully, you men and women of the future, and if you take my advice, don't do it. It isn't worth it. More than one career has been ruined in this field and others are sure to follow. The companies have massive amounts of money to defame even the most sincere and diligent researcher. The chance that you will escape the same fate as me is slim. But if the compulsion to do research that will have a significant impact on the health of women for our time and for all time is unavoidable, I suggest you consider the following:

!Set up special free clinics to study women with implants. These ladies have genuine medical problems, which are not being addressed. Regardless of the cause of their physical and mental diseases they need help which they are not able to get at present because for various reasons they are locked out of the medical system.

!Repeat the epidemiological studies. Most of those studies, by their own admission, are flawed. The Mayo study more than the others. In fact, the Mayo study was reported in the same section at the annual meeting of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery that I reported the complication of giving a transfusion into an implant. At that meeting the version was that there was a high incidence of autoimmune disease in the implanted patients compared to controls particularly Hashimoto's thyroiditis. For some reason, partial deselection of evidence I presume, that item never found its way into the Mayo final report.

!Even forgetting about possible causation for the moment, why not study intensively the mechanisms of autoimmunity in patients with implants? At the time of my retirement I had collected 51 cases of ruptured implants in patients with multifocal brain infarctions associated with antiphospolipid antibodies.

Could that be an accident?

!Follow all women with implants in a national registry. Require that all have yearly screening examinations for local and systemic complications. History and physical examinations is all that is needed for effective screening. Career researchers not connected with the companies in anyway and not connected with the business of installing or removing implants in anyway should do the screening. The companies have spent 26 million dollars on spin to make themselves look good. Why not spend a similar amount on some real unbiased research?

!Do animal studies injecting silicone mixed with blood proteins into animals. The results, I predict, will show that the animals develop autoimmune diseases.

_Quelle: www.info-implants.com/BC/0024.html